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  • AGRARIAN HISTORY
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  • AGRARIAN HISTORY

      • Step 1. Why do a historical analysis of agricultural change?

        • Now let’s travel to Mali and more specifically to the cotton farming area of Sikasso. The researchers are having trouble answering the question: has cotton farming improved the farmers’ standard of living or not? This is the so-called “Sikasso” paradox.

        • Vidéo : Sébastien Bainville presents the Sikasso paradox.

        •  Introduction: Can we get by without the past? (2'30) File 17.3MB
        • Written exercise: Statistical analysis and the Sikasso paradox. Carefully read the attached study, one of the most developed analysis of the situation, and then answer the question:
          “Has cotton farming influenced the economic situation of farmers? To what extent, how and why?”

        •  Article: The Sikasso paradox, overview of the statistical studies File
        • Vidéo : Sébastien Bainville paints an overall picture of the history and environment of Sikasso.

        •  General description of the Sikasso area (11') File 83.1MB
          • The main historical periods of the area
          • The main ecosystems of the area
        • Vidéo : Sébastien Bainville describes how farming activities were organised in Sikasso before cotton was introduced.

        •  History of the Sikasso area: Situation before the sixties (18'30) File
          • Cropping Systems
          • The social organisation of production
        • Exercise: Sikasso before cotton. Do you clearly understand the farming situation of the Sikasso area prior to the sixties? This exercise will help you to assess your knowledge.

        •  Do you clearly understand the farming situation of the Sikasso area? Page
        • Vidéo : Sébastien Bainville tells you about the golden era of cotton in Sikasso, from 1960 to 2000.

        •  History of the area: the introduction and development of cotton (21'30) File 188.1MB
          • Introduction of cotton farming
          • 1960-1980 The extension of cotton farming
          • 1980-2000 The intensification of cotton farming
          • Agrarian re-organisation related to cotton farming
          • Subdivision of large families
        • Vidéo : Sébastien Bainville tells you about the cotton crisis in the 2000s and its impact to date.

        •  History of the area: the cotton crisis (12'30) File 104.4MB
          • The cotton crisis and its global impact
          • Impact of the crisis on the different types of families
          • Explanation of the Sikasso paradox
        •  Scientific paper: Land rights issues in Africa, the contribution of agrarian systems research in Burkina Faso (Sébastien Bainville) File

          This paper presents a situation similar to Sikasso, yet it takes place in Burkina Faso.

        • Bonus Exercise: Go back over the history of Sikasso. You must place the main changes brought to the farming systems in the correct historical period.

        •  The history of farming in Sikasso Page
      • Step 2. Method: how to produce a historical analysis of a territory?

        • The Sikasso case illustrates that it is important to study the Agrarian History of a region to understand its organisation. But how do you go about this?

        • Vidéo : Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat reviews the Sikasso case and the working hypotheses and the presuppositions that must be kept in mind for the historical study.

        •  Review of the Sikasso case: why study History? (4') File 39.2MB
        •  Historical study: what to look for (4'30) File 41MB
        •  Historical study presuppositions (4'30) File 42.6MB
        • Written exercise: the sources of information for the historical study. You are in charge of carrying out a historical study in an area that you are just getting to know:

          1. Which resources and which people will you call upon?
          2. Which source(s) of information will you begin with?

        •  Solution: How to begin a historical study in an area (15'30) File 131.7MB
          • Resources not to begin with
          • What to do first
        • Exercise: the interview guide for a historical interview.
          You will first interview older farmers. Compose an interview guide:

          1. To answer the questions raised by the landscape analysis
          2. To clarify the history of the farms in the area and the factors or events that led to change

          To (re)view the interview guide preparation method, look at the lesson "Qualitative survey methods applied to natural resource management” (Module 2, lesson 4).

        •  Instruction and framework File 198.6KB
        •  Solution of the exercise File 221.6KB
      • Step 3. How to analyze data?

        • Vidéo :Sébastien Bainville introduces the concepts used to study the Sikasso paradox.

        •  Introduction of the concepts used to analyse Agrarian Systems (10') File 90.3MB
          • The system approach
          • Cropping System
          • Production System
          • Agrarian System
        • Exercise: Analyse an interview and extract the key information. Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat interviewed an older farmer in the Villeveyrac basin. Watch and analyse the interview to extract the information that will allow you to compose the region’s agrarian history.

          To review or carry out the landscape analysis of this area, click here

        •  Analyse the interview: when I was young File 161.7MB
        •  Analyse the interview: working life File 340.4MB
        •  Analyse the interview: now retired File 151.2MB
        • Exercise: Compare the information with another interview to reconstruct the history of the region. Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat held another interview in the same area. Watch and analyse it to extract the key information that you can then compare with the information collected from the previous interview.

        •  Cross-analysis of the two interviews: when I was young File 210.2MB
        •  Cross-analysis of the two interviews: working life File 261.2MB
        •  Cross-analysis of the two interviews: now retired File 135MB
        • Vidéo :Elisabeth Rasse-Mercat shows how, by adding some bibliographic data, the information collected from these two interviews allows you to reconstruct a large part of the Agrarian history of the Villeveyrac region.

        •  The Agrarian History of the Villeveyrac basin (47') File 460.2MB
          • The main historical periods of the Villeveyrac area
          • Pre-WW2
          • Post-War: mass wine production
          • 1970-2000: Wine crisis
          • Contemporary period
          • Farm diversity
        • Written exercise: Compose a historical timeline. From all of the previously gathered information, compose a chronological timeline that represents the Agrarian History of the Villeveyrac basin, with a focus on the appearances, disappearances and evolutions of:

          • Farming practices
          • Types of farms
        •  Solution: Summary table and historical timeline of the agrarian history of the Villeveyrac basin File 731.1KB
      • Step 4. The Agrarian History of N'Kosy

        • Vidéo :Didier Pillot recalls some methodological elements required for the historical study.

        •  Reminder: methodology and concepts (3'30) File 54.6MB
        • Vidéo :

          Didier Pillot interviewes Paul Kibwika as an expert: “the land tenure and cotton market "events" are essential”.

        •  Interview with Prof. Paul Kibwika: the land history of N'Kosy (8'30) File 60.5MB
          • Initially: the Kabaka system
          • 1970s: privatization of the land
          • 1980s: return of the Kabaka
          • 2000s: investors buy land
          • Additional information
        •  Interview with Prof. Paul Kibwika: The history of cotton market (4'30) File 40.1MB
        • Exercise: Compose a historical timeline for cotton and land use. Based in this interview, position the key elements presented on the timeline.

        •  Timeline: the history of cotton and land use in N'Kosy Page
        • Vidéo :

          Didier Pillot and Paul Kibwika expose and analyse the farmers' strategies to adapt to the different changes over time.

        •  Historical trends and farmers' strategies (11'30) File 92.9MB
          • Sources of income to replace cotton
          • The case of coffee
          • Food crops evolution
          • Land occupation changes
          • Farming practices changes
        • Exercise: Differentiate intra-system and extra-system factors. Based on these interviews, sort the following key factors of changes in intra-system and extra-system factors.

        •  Categorization: internal and external factors Page
        • Vidéo :Didier Pillot presents the agrarian history of N'Kosy that we will be using – with the landscape analysis – to create a typology of farmers.

        •  The story of the N'Kosy’s agrarian history (36'30) File 290.8MB
          • 1940-1970: Period of Kabaka
          • 1971-1979: Idi Amin presidency
          • 1980-200: The return of Kabaka
          • From 2000: contemporary period
          • Types of farmers we can already identify
        •  Solution: Synthetic table of N’Kosy agrarian history File

    logo KOYOKA projectThis course was developed within the framework of the KOYOKA project.

    Logo Investissements d'avenirThis work was supported by the State's research agency under the "Investment in the Future" program, reference number ANR-10-LABX-001-01.

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          • PRESENTATION OF AGRARIAN DIAGNOSIS COURSE

          • LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS: region of VILLEVEYRAC (France)

          • LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS: region of N'KOSY (Uganda)

          • AGRARIAN HISTORY

            • Step 1. Why do a historical analysis of agricultur...

            • Step 2. Method: how to produce a historical analys...

            • Step 3. How to analyze data?

            • Step 4. The Agrarian History of N'Kosy

          • FARMERS' STRATEGIES

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    Production & Copyright

    Project coordinated by:

    Didier PILLOT and Nicole SIBELET

    Curriculum design and learning resources by:

    Florence BIRUNGY KIAZZE, Paul KIBWIKA, Pierre LE RAY, Andreas de NEERGAARD, Didier PILLOT, Elisabeth RASSE-MERCAT, Nicole SIBELET.

    Handmade by Atelier Multimedia, CIHEAM-IAMM of Montpellier:

    Pierre ARRAGON, Eric BIDART, Olivier GUERIN, Roland LAFFOURCADE, Maïlys LUYE, Mark WAMAI.

    In collaboration with:

    Marion ALINA Jane ANYANGO, Sébastien BAINVILLE, Richard BATTE, Thilde BECH BRUUN, Isabel GUTIERREZ-MONTES, Agigail Salome INAPAT, James KISORO, Pierre-Yves LEGAL, Richard MIIRO, Denis MPAIRWE, Anne-Laure ROY, Dorothy SEBBOWA ; the farmers of N'Kosy, Nakasongola and Villeveyrac areas, ARI-AGTRAIN PhD students, and the staff of Makerere Université.

    Translation:

    Anita SAXENA DUMOND, Lionel FINTONI & Philip WATTERSON

    Funded by:

     Agropolis Fondation

    With the support of:

     Agreenium-IAVFF

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    We invite you to share this course as widely as possible, in compliance with the Creative Commons license level 4 [link to be put when registration has been made]:

    • Cite the authors
    • Do not modify the resource
    • Do not use it for commercial purposes.

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